What are the different types of sampling techniques in statistics?

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In statistics, sampling techniques are methods used to select a subset of individuals or items from a larger population for analysis. Proper sampling ensures the sample represents the population well, allowing valid conclusions.

1. Probability Sampling:

Each member of the population has a known, non-zero chance of being selected.

  • Simple Random Sampling: Every individual has an equal chance. Selection is completely random.

  • Systematic Sampling: Select every k-th member from a list after a random start.

  • Stratified Sampling: Population divided into strata (groups) based on a characteristic, then random samples taken from each stratum.

  • Cluster Sampling: Population divided into clusters (usually geographically). Some clusters are randomly selected, and all members within chosen clusters are sampled.

2. Non-Probability Sampling:

Selection is based on non-random criteria; not every member has a chance to be selected.

  • Convenience Sampling: Sample chosen based on ease of access.

  • Judgmental or Purposive Sampling: Researchers select members based on their judgment about who will provide the best data.

  • Snowball Sampling: Existing participants recruit future participants, useful for hard-to-reach populations.

  • Quota Sampling: Sample reflects certain characteristics of the population but is not randomly selected.

Choosing the right technique depends on the study’s goals, resources, and population characteristics.

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